|
KMID : 1140120120170040270
|
|
Cancer Prevention Research
2012 Volume.17 No. 4 p.270 ~ p.279
|
|
|
Review of Alternative Methods for the Safety Assessment of Cosmetic Ingredients: In Terms of Skin Irritation, Sensitization and Phototoxicity
|
|
Son Ji-Su
Seo Young-Rok
|
|
|
Abstract
|
|
|
|
The evaluation of skin toxicity is essential to ensure the safety of a wide variety of cosmetics. For a long time, animal test methods have been commonly used in the development of cosmetics. However, due to an increasing interest in animal welfare, the development of alternatives to in vivo tests has become an area to receive great interest. Indeed, an internationally validation study organized by ECVAM, ICCVAM, and JACVAM is conducted for the evaluation of alternative methods. This article provides a brief review of alternative methods which have been presented by the OECD regarding alternative methods for skin irritation, skin sensitization, and skin phototoxicity. As an alternative method for the skin irradiation test, reconstructed human epidermis tests applying EpiSkin, EpiDerm, and SkinEthic has been recommended. These three-dimensional skin models are constructed by growing human keratinocyte and exhibit a well-stratified epidermis, along with functionally similar properties to normal human skin. The local lymph node assay (LLNA) has been suggested as an alternative method for the identification of skin sensitization. The standard LLNA has used radioactive thymidine for endpoint determination and non-radioactive methods have more recently been developed. LLNA is not perfectly an alternative method for skin sensitization, as it still uses animals, however, the method is meaningful with respect to the fact that it reduces the suffering animals. Concerning in vitro alternative methods for skin phototoxicity, the 3T3 neutral red uptake phototoxicity test using mouse fibroblasts is presented. This test has several advantages, including high sensitivity and specificity, however, it also has disadvantages, such as the low solubility of test chemicals. Three-dimensional skin models have been shown to be capable of identifying the phototoxic potential of both soluble and insoluble chemicals. Therefore, further research of alternative methods of applying three-dimensional skin models are required. In conclusion, it is necessary to reduce the overall usage of animals due to the 3R principles for animal experiments, and the development of novel alternative methods which are faster, simpler and more precise than standard methods is required.
|
|
|
KEYWORD
|
|
|
Alternative methods, Reconstructed human epidermis test, Local lymph node assay, 3T3 neutral red uptake phototoxicity test
|
|
|
FullTexts / Linksout information
|
|
|
|
|
|
Listed journal information
|
|
 
|
|